Pacesetting. In this style, the leader sets high standards for performance. He or she is obsessive about doing things better and faster, and asks the same of everyone. But Goleman warns this style should be used sparingly, because it can undercut morale and make people feel as if they are failing. 'Our data shows that, more often than not, pacesetting poisons the climate,' he writes.
　　
标杆式(Pacesetting)。根据这种方式，领导者制定出很高的绩效标准，对更好、更快有着一种执着的追求，并要求人人都像自己一样。但戈尔曼警告说，这种方式应当少用，因为它可能打击士气、让人产生挫败感。他写道，我们的数据显示，标杆式领导行为多半会损害氛围。
　　
Commanding. This is the classic model of "military" style leadership - probably the most often used, but the least often effective. Because it rarely involves praise and frequently employs criticism, it can undercut morale and job satisfaction. Still, in crisis situations, when an urgent turnaround is needed, it can be an effective approach
　　
命令式(Commanding)。这是“军事化”领导方式的典型，或许是用得最多、但奏效机会最少的方式。由于很少涉及表扬，并不断地采取批评方法，它有可能打压士气和工作满意度。但在危机情形下需要紧急扭转局势时，这可能是一种有效的办法。
　　
Note that what distinguishes each leadership style above is not the personal characteristics of the leader, but rather the nature and needs of those who are being led. As James MacGregor Burns argued in his path-breaking 1978 book, Leadership: "Leadership over human beings is exercised when persons with certain motives and purposes mobilize, in competition or conflict with others, institutional, political, psychological and other resources so as to arouse, engage and satisfy the motives of followers"
　　
要注意到，区分上述不同领导方式的，不是领导者个人的性格特点，而是受领导者的禀性和需求。正如伯恩斯(James MacGregor Burns)在1978年的开创性著作《领导论》(Leadership)中所言：当拥有特定动机或意图的人们调动制度、政治、心理或其他方面的资源，并与其他人产生竞争或冲突时，便有领导人类的行为进行，目的是激发、调动并满足追随者的动机。
　　
Unlike "naked power wielding," he writes, "leadership is thus inseparable from followers' needs and goals"
　　
他写道，领导力与“赤裸裸地行使权力”不同，领导行为与追随者的需求和目标密不可分。
　　
The good leader, in other words, must understand what motivates those he or she wishes to lead
　　
换句话说，好的领导者必须懂得，哪些东西能够激励他/她希望带领的那些人。

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