which、 that 、who、 whom在定语从句中的替代用法

　　1、 which 在句中放指物的先行词后或整个句子后，引导限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句。

　　She said I was lazy, which isn’t true.( which替代句子 She said I was lazy)

　　This is the pen which was bought by my father. (which替代的是 the pen)

　　2、that在句中放先行词后，引导限定性定语从句。既可指物，也可指人。

　　The book that she borrowed from the library was lost.( that替代的是 The book)

　　The man that with a knife in his hand is a murderer. (that替代的是 The man )

　　3、who、whom(whom在定语从句中作宾语)在句中放指人的先行词后，引导限定性定语从句。

　　She was the girl who \ whom I just talked to.( who \ whom替代的是 the girl 且作to 的宾语)

　　One的替代作用

　　one 为避免重复而替代前文所提及的可数名词的单数，且该中心名词可以用one 或a、an修饰表示“一”;若替代前文提及的可数名词复数，则用ones.

　　There are many books on the shelf, which one do you like best? (此处的one 替代的是book)

　　There are many pens in my hand, and the blue ones are mine. (此处的ones 替代的是 pens)

　　量词的替代用法

　　当前文有某些可数名词复数(如pants、jeans、shorts、glasses等)时，如果这些名词前面没有a pair of 或 a suit of修饰时，则不能用one 来替代上述这些词，因为这些词前面不能用基数词直接修饰(我们不能说2 pants或5 clothes或 one shorts), 而是用可以修饰它们的量词短语中的量词来替代。

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