例如：
    The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again.
     （原因状语）     =As the holiday was over, they began to get down to do their work again.
    All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. （条件状语）
    =If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
    His homework done, Johan went out to play. （时间状语）
    =After his homework had been done, Johan went out to play.
    The girl was smiling sweetly, her long hair flowing in the breeze. （伴随状语）
     当独立结构表示伴随状况时，可变为由 with 引导的介词词组，而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由 without 引导。例如上例可变为：
    The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze.
    Without anyone noticing, I slipped out of the room.
     独立结构的位置比较灵活，它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外，独立结构中用作主语的名词之前的限定词有时可以省略。例如：
    The manager sat quietly in his office, (his)eyes closed.
    He stood in the doorway, (his)wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some sign of recognition. 倒装句
    倒装句主要出现在以下几种情况下：
    1. 当表语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，需要倒装。例如：
    Happy indeed are those who receive marvellous news after a long silence.
    Absurd was the measure our company took to prevent loss.
  2. 当前置宾语或状语由 “not a /many a /not a single+ 名词 ” 构成时，需要倒装。例如：
     Not a word did he say at the meeting yesterday.
     Many a time has the teacher emphasized the point.
     Not a single hotel could she find in the small town.
    3. 最通常引起倒装的是某些状语的前置。通常有以下几种情况：
    1 ）当句首状语为否定词或有否定意义的词语时，一般需要倒装。常见的否定副词有：
    not, little, never, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, not only(...but also/as well...),not until, not once, no sooner. 例如：
    Never have I heard it before.
    Not only did Mary passed the exam, she also got the highest mark in her class.
    Nowhere can I find my lost wallet.
    Seldom do I get invited into his office alone.
    All pupils live nearby, Rarely do they go to school by bus.
    2 ）当句首状语为否定意义的短语时，需要倒装。常见的否定短语有： at no time
    ,in no way, on no account, at no point, in no sense, by no means, under no circumstance. 这些短语都表示 “ 决不 ” 。例如：
    Under no circumstance do we use the weapon.
    At no time shall a student cheat in the exam.
    On no account should you leave tonight.
    By no means is he considered to be a great explorer.
    In no sense is her mind brilliant.
    In no way can a passenger smoke in the air-conditioned bus.
    3 ） hardly/scarcely...when, no sooner...than 位于句首时，为固定的倒装结构表示 “ 一 …… 就 ……” 。在时态上，主句一般用过去完成时，从句（ when 或 than 引导）用一般过去时。但表示一般情况时，主句可用现在完成时，从句用一般现在时。例如：
    Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
    No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain.

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