laowai 老外

“老外”直译就是"old foreigner"。“老外”这一新词出现在70年代末，改革开放后，大批外国人涌入中国。起初，该词含有一种戏弄的口气。如今，该词多用为一种友好的昵称。比如大山这种在中国居住、工作或学习时间较久，精通中国文化的外国人常被称作an old China hand中国通。

1980s 20世纪80年代

iron rice bowl 铁饭碗

A secure, lifetime job assigned by the government. Where was no fear of losing the job. By the 1980s, with the new market economy, there was a competitive model of employment. And the cherished iron rice bowl was gone after more than 30 years.
“铁饭碗”指由政府提供的有保证的终生制工作。因此，这些人永远不愁失去工作。然而，到了80年代，在新的市场经济体制下，就业竞争机制出现。存在了30多年之后，备受人们喜爱的“铁饭碗”退出了历史舞台。

all-round good student 三好学生

Literally, "thrice-good", given to students who were virtuous, talented, and good at PE; first used in the 1950s by Mao to encourage young people to keep fit, study well, and work hard.

“三好学生”直译为"thrice-good"，指在德、智、体三方面都很优秀的学生。该词最早在50年代由毛主席提出，旨在鼓励年轻人强身健体、努力学习、勤奋工作。

profiteering 倒爷

For the market economy, a dual-pricing system was tried in 1979. The price of certain goods was fixed and they were distributed instead of sold. If a factory exceeded its quota, it could sell the surplus at a higher price. People close to government or factory officials got the low-priced goods and sold them at a higher price. This profiteering was outlawed in 1987.

在 1979年的市场经济体制下，价格双轨制开始实行。那时，某些特定商品的价格是固定的，这些商品不对外出售而是采取分配的方式。若生产量超出配额，工厂可以高价卖出这些剩余商品。如此一来，那些政府、工厂领导的"关系户"就能以低价买进这些商品，然后再高价卖出。到了1987年，这种倒买倒卖的行为才被禁止。

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